
CAS Name: L-Glutamine
Additional Names: Gln; Q; 2-aminoglutaramic acid; (S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid; glutamic acid 5-amide
Trademarks: Cebrogen (Walker); Glumin; Levoglutamina; Stimu...
Literature References: Non-essential amino acid for human development; most abundant free amino acid in plasma and tissue. Isoln from sugarbeet juice: E. Schulze, E. Bosshard, Ber. 16, 312 (1883). Due to ease of conversion to glutamic acid, q.v., it was not isolated from protein until 1932: M. Damodoran et al., Biochem. J. 26, 1704 (1932). Early chemistry and biochemistry: R. M. Archibald, Chem. Rev. 37, 161-208 (1945); Amino Acids and Proteins, D. M. Greenberg, Ed. (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1951) 950 pp., passim; J. P. Greenstein, M. Winitz, Chemistry of the Amino Acids vol 1-3 (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961) pp. 1929-1954, passim. HPLC determn in biotech samples: B. Polanuer et al., J. Chromatogr. 594, 173 (1992). Review of nutritive needs: R. J. Smith, D. W. Wilmore, J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 14, (Suppl.) 94S-99S (1990); and metabolism: W. W. Souba, J. Nutr. Biochem. 4, 2-9 (1993); L. M. Castell et al., Amino Acids 7, 231-243 (1994). Review of metabolism and physiologic implications: R. J. Smith, J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 14, (Suppl.) 40S-44S (1990); B. Moskovitz et al., Pharmacol. Res. 30, 61-71 (1994).
CAS Name: (7a,11b,16a)-7-Chloro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione
Additional Names: 7a-chloro-16a-methylprednisolone
Percent Composition: C 64.62%, H 7.15%, Cl 8.67%, ...
Literature References: Non-fluorinated corticosteroid with low systemic effects. Prepn: M. J. Green et al., US 4076708; M. J. Green, H. J. Shue, US 4124707 (both 1978 to Schering); M. J. Green et al., J. Steroid Biochem. 11, 61 (1979); H. J. Shue et al., J. Med. Chem. 23, 430 (1980). Topical anti-inflammatory activity of the 17,21-dipropionate: B. Lutsky et al., Arzneim.-Forsch. 29, 992 (1979); M. J. Green et al., ibid. 30, 1618 (1980).
CAS Name: (11b,16a)-16,17-[Butylidenebis(oxy)]-11,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione
Additional Names: (R,S)-11b,16a,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione cyclic 16,17-acetal with ...
Literature References: Non-halogenated glucocorticoid related to triamcinolone hexacetonide, q.v. with a high ratio of topical to systemic activity. Prepn: R. L. Brattsand et al., DE 2323215; eidem, US 3929768 (1973, 1975 both to Bofors). Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties: A. Thalén, R. L. Brattsand, Arzneim.-Forsch. 29, 1787 (1979). Pharmacokinetic study: A. Ryrfeldt et al., J. Steroid Biochem. 10, 317 (1979). HPLC determn of epimers, impurities, content: G. Roth et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 69, 766 (1980). Review of pharmacodynamics and efficacy in asthma and rhinitis: S. P. Clissold, R. C. Heel, Drugs 28, 485-518 (1984).
CAS Name: 6-[(2S,4R,6E)-4-Methyl-2-(methylamino)-3-oxo-6-octenoic acid]cyclosporin D
Additional Names: [3'-desoxy-3'-oxo-MeBmt]1-[Val]2-cyclosporin; [3'-keto-Bmt1]-[Val2]-cyclosporinTrademarks:...
Literature References: Nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog that reverses multidrug resistance (MDR) by inhibiting cellular drug efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein, q.v. Prepn: P. Bollinger et al., EP 296122; eidem, US 5525590 (1988, 1996 both to Sandoz). Pharmacology: D. Boesch et al., Exp. Cell Res. 196, 26 (1991). Clinical pharmacokinetics: R. M. Lush et al., J. Clin. Pharmacol. 37, 123 (1997). HPLC determn in blood: M. G. Scott et al., Clin. Chem. 43, 505 (1997). Clinical evaluation in multiple myeloma: P. Sonneveld et al., Leukemia 10, 1741 (1996); in acute myelogenous leukemia: R. Advani et al., Blood 93, 787 (1999). Review of pharmacology and clinical efficacy: F. Loor, Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs 8, 807-835 (1999).
CAS Name: N-[2-Butyl-3-[4-[3-(dibutylamino)propoxy]benzoyl]-5-benzofuranyl]methanesulfonamide
Additional Names: N,N-dibutyl-3-[4-[(2-butyl-5-methylsulfonamido)benzofuran-3-ylcarbonyl]phenoxy]pr...
Literature References: Noniodinated analog of amiodarone, q.v. Prepn: J. Gubin et al., EP 471609; eidem, US 5223510 (1992, 1993 both to Sanofi). Hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects in dogs: L. Djandjighian et al., J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 36, 376 (2000). Electrophysiological effects in canine heart: A. Varró et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 133, 625 (2001). Clinical pharmacokinetics and interaction with metoprolol, q.v.: T. Damy et al., Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 18, 113 (2004). Clinical evaluation in atrial fibrillation: P. Touboul et al., Eur. Heart J. 24, 1481 (2003).
CAS Name: Octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside
Additional Names: n-octylglucoside; OG
Percent Composition: C 57.51%, H 9.65%, O 32.83%
Literature References: Nonionic detergent primarily used for solubilizing membrane-bound proteins. Prepn: C. R. Noller, C. W. Rockwell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 2076 (1938). Partition behavior between water and membrane phases: M. Ueno, Biochemistry 28, 5631 (1989); thermodynamics and structural impact: M. R. Wenk et al., Biophys. J. 72, 1719 (1997). Solubilzation and reconstitution of liposomes: O. López et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 9879 (2001). Solubilization of lipid vesicles: A. Meister, A. Blume, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 1551 (2004). Micelle formation: A. Walter et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1508, 20 (2000); in mixed systems: A. Lainez et al., Langmuir 20, 5745 (2004).
CAS Name: 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol polymer with formaldehyde and oxirane
Additional Names: oxyethylated tertiary octylphenol formaldehyde polymer; p-isooctylpolyoxyethylenephenol form...
Literature References: Nonionic detergent with surface-tension-reducing properties. Prepn: Bock, Rainey, US 2454541 (1948 to Rohm Haas); J. W. Cornforth et al., Nature 168, 150 (1951). Use to induce exptl hyperlipidemia: A. Kellner et al., J. Exp. Med. 93, 373 (1951); P. E. Schurr et al., Lipids 7, 68 (1972). Use as ophthalmic excipient: D. E. Guttman et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 50, 305 (1961). Phase behavior of mixtures with water: K. Westesen, Int. J. Pharm. 102, 91 (1994); K. Westesen, M. H. J. Koch, ibid. 103, 225 (1994). Tissue distribution and excretion: R. L. DeAngelis et al., Xenobiotica 25, 521 (1995).
CAS Name: [8,11-Bis(carboxymethyl)-14-[2-[(2-methoxyethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-6-oxo-2-oxa-5,8,11,14-tetraazahexadecan-16-oato(3-)]gadolinium
Additional Names: [N,N''-bis[N-(2-methoxyethyl)-carba...
Literature References: Nonionic paramagnetic contrast agent. Prepn: R. W. Weber, M. P. Periasamy, WO 9001024; R. W. Weber, US 5130120 (1990, 1992 both to Mallinckrodt); M. Periasamy et al., Invest. Radiol. 26, S217 (1991). Paramagentic profile: K. Adzamli et al., ibid. 34, 410 (1999). Clinical pharmacokinetics: S. K. Swan et al., J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 9, 317 (1999). Clinical study in liver imaging: D. L. Rubin et al., ibid. 240; in CNS imaging: R. I. Grossman et al., Invest. Radiol. 35, 412 (2000).
CAS Name: a-(4-Nonylphenyl)-w-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)
Additional Names: polyethyleneglycols mono(nonylphenyl) ether; macrogol nonylphenyl ether; nonoxinol; polyoxyethylene(n)nonylphenyl...
Literature References: Nonionic surfactant mixtures prepd by reacting nonylphenol with ethylene oxide. Prepn of polyoxyethylated alkyl phenols: A. Steindorff et al., US 2213477 (1940 to GAF). Average number of ethylene oxide units (n) per molecule is indicated by number following nonoxynol (e.g. nonoxynol-15 for n = 15). Trademarks for nonoxynol series include Conco NI (Continental Chem.) , Dowfax 9N (Dow) , Igepal CO (Rhone-Poulenc) , Makon, Neutronyx 600's (Onyx) , Nonipol NO (Sankyo) , Polytergent B (Olin) , Renex 600's (Atlas) , Solar NP (Swift) , Sterox (Monsanto) , Surfonic N (Jefferson) , T-DET-N (Thompson-Hayward) , Tergitol NP (Union Carbide) , Triton N (Rohm Haas) . Individual members of series indicated by numerical suffixes. Toxicology study: H. F. Smyth Jr., J. C. Calandra, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 14, 315 (1969). Inactivation of HIV in vitro by nonoxynol-9: M. Malkovsky et al., Lancet 1, 645 (1988). Clinical evaluation of nonoxynol-9 in sexually transmitted diseases: W. C. Louv et al., J. Infect. Dis. 158, 518 (1988). Review: C. R. Enyeart, "Polyoxyethylene Alkylphenols" in Nonionic Surfactants, M. J. Schick, Ed. (Dekker, New York, 1967) pp 44-85.
CAS Name: Cellulose 2-hydroxypropyl ether
Additional Names: oxypropylated cellulose
Trademarks: Klucel (Hercules); Lacrisert (Merck Co.)
Literature References: Nonionic water soluble ether of cellulose, q.v. that produces solns having a wide range of viscosity (200-2500 cp). Prepn: NL 6401036; E. D. Klug, US 3278520, US 3278521 (1964, 1966, 1966 all to Hercules). Use in the treatment of dry eye syndrome: T. P. Werblin et al., Ophthalmology 88, 78 (1981); P. Huguet et al., Bull. Soc. Ophthalmol. Fr. 81, 1173 (1981). Review of chemistry, physical properties and uses: E. D. Klug in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology vol. 15 (Interscience, New York, 1971) pp 307-314; A. J. Desmarais, Industrial Gums, R. L. Whistler, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 2nd ed., 1973) pp 649-672.
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