
CAS Name: (1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-acetic acid
Additional Names: 4-biphenylacetic acid; 4-carboxymethylbiphenyl; BPAATrademarks: Napageln (Lederle); Traxam (Lederle)
Percent Composition: C 79.23%, ...
Literature References: One of the metabolites of fenbufen, q.v. Prepn: E. Schwenk, D. Papa, J. Org. Chem. 11, 798 (1946). Improved prepn: G. R. Malone, A. I. Meyers, ibid. 39, 618 (1974). Pharmacology: A. E. Sloboda, A. C. Osterberg, Inflammation 1, 415 (1976). Mode of action study in ocular inflammation: E. L. Tolman et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. 15, 1005 (1976). HPLC determn in serum: J. S. Fleitman et al., J. Chromatogr. 228, 372 (1982).
CAS Name: (Z,Z)-1-[5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl]piperidine
Additional Names: (Z,Z)-1-piperoylpiperidine
Percent Composition: C 71.56%, H 6.71%, N 4.91%, O 16.82%
Literature References: One of the most active constituents of black pepper: Buchheim, Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 5, 455 (1876); Ott, Eichler, Ber. 55, 2653 (1922); Ott, Lüdemann, Ber. 57, 214 (1924). Stereoisomer of piperine: Lohaus, Gall, Ann. 517, 282 (1935). Loss of pungency of ground pepper during storage attributed to gradual isomerization of chavicine into piperine, q.v.: Newman, Chem. Prod. 16, 379 (1953). Synthesis of chavicine and questioning of its existence as constituent of black pepper: R. Grewe et al., Ber. 103, 3752 (1970). Spectroscopic structural elucidation and prepn: R. DeCleyn, M. Verzele, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 84, 435 (1975).
CAS Name: (5Z,9a,11a,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid
Additional Names: 7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)cyclopentyl]-5-heptenoic acid; dinoprost; PGF2aTrademarks: ...
Literature References: One of the most biologically studied of the primary prostaglandins. Closely related to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in that both prostaglandins are biosynthesized from the same precursors and that PGF2a is the synthetic reduction product of PGE2. For refs to synthesis of dl and natural forms see Prostaglandin E2. Prepn of the tromethamine salt: W. Morozowich, DE 2126127; idem, US 3657327 (1971, 1972 both to Upjohn). Alternate synthesis of natural PGF2a: Schneider, Murray, J. Org. Chem. 38, 397 (1973); R. B. Woodward et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 6853 (1973); G. Stork et al., ibid. 100, 8272 (1978); K. Kondo et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 3927; N. R. A. Beeley et al., Tetrahedron 37, Suppl. 9, 411 (1981); R. J. Cave et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1981, 646. Causes vasocontraction and exhibits luteolytic activity; is most commonly associated with its role in pregnancy: Karim et al., J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Commonw. 78, 172 (1971). Metabolism in female subjects: Granstrom, Samuelsson, J. Biol. Chem. 246, 5254 (1971). Toxicity data: T. Fujita et al., Iyakuhin Kenkyu 9, 261 (1978), C.A. 89, 71399k (1978). For general refs see Prostaglandins.
CAS Name: (2R,3R,5Z)-5-Ethylidene-2-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylhexanedioic acid
Percent Composition: C 55.55%, H 7.46%, O 37.00%
Literature References: One of the most widely studied necic acids which are constituent acids of the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and are isolated from these alkaloids by hydrolysis or by hydrogenolysis. Necic acids are C5- to C10-acids; many are g- or d-hydroxy acids and have structures that may be dissected into isoprene units. Synthesis of senecic acid: C. C. J. Culvenor, T. A. Geissman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 1647 (1961). uv spectra of senecic acid and its isomers: V. Simanek et al., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 34, 1832 (1969). Biosynthesis: D. H. G. Crout et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1972, 671. Comprehensive reviews on necic acids: F. L. Warren, Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. 12, 198-269 (1955); 24, 329-406 (1966); D. J. Robins ibid. 41, 115-203 (1982); F. L. Warren in Alkaloids Vol. XII, R. H. F. Manske, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1970) pp 245-331.
CAS Name: b,b-Carotene-3,3'-diol
Additional Names: all-trans-b-carotene-3,3'-diol; (3R,3'R)-dihydroxy-b-carotene; zeaxanthol; anchovyxanthin
Percent Composition: C 84.45%, H 9.92%, O 5.62%
Literature References: One of the most widespread carotenoid alcohols in nature. Occurs together and is isomeric with xanthophyll, q.v. It is the pigment of yellow corn Zea mays L., Gramineae. Isoln from yellow corn grits: Karrer et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 13, 268 (1930). Isoln by chromatography: Kuhn, Grundmann, Ber. 67, 596 (1934). Isoln from algae, bacteria: A. J. Aasen et al., Acta Chem. Scand. 26, 404 (1972). Isoln of dipalmitate from Physalis petal: Kuhn et al., Ber. 63, 1489 (1930). Does not possess vitamin A potency: Schumacher et al., Poult. Sci. 23, 529 (1944). Stereochemistry: Zechmeister, Chem. Rev. 34, 267 (1944). Abs config of natural zeaxanthin: T. E. de Ville et al., Chem. Commun. 1969, 1311; J. R. Hlubucek et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1974, 848. Total synthesis: Isler et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 2041 (1956); 40, 456 (1957); Loeber et al., J. Chem. Soc. C 1971, 404; A. Rüttimann, H. Mayer, Helv. Chim. Acta 63, 1456 (1980); P. R. Ellis et al., ibid. 64, 1092 (1980); E. Widmer et al., ibid. 65, 944, 958 (1982). Sepn of configurational isomers by HPLC: A. Rüttimann et al., J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 6, 612 (1983). First isoln of enantiomeric and meso-zeaxanthin in nature: T. Maoka et al., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83B, 121 (1986). Mfg procedure: Isler et al., US 2917539 (1959 to Hoffmann-La Roche). Reviews: Zechmeister, Carotinoide (Berlin, 1934); Mayer, The Chemistry of Natural Coloring Matters (New York, 1943); Karrer, Jucker, Carotenoids (New York, 1950).
CAS Name: (2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
Additional Names: (+)-2,5,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol; 5,8-dimethyl...
Literature References: One of the naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, q.v. Is biologically less active than a-tocopherol. May be separated by fractional crystn: Emerson et al., Science 83, 421 (1936); J. Biol. Chem. 113, 319 (1936); Baxter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 918 (1943).
CAS Name: (2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
Additional Names: 8-methyltocol
Percent Composition: C 80.54%, H 11.52%, O 7.95%
Literature References: One of the naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, q.v. Isoln from soybean oil: Stern et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 869 (1947). Synthesis: Green et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 3374; GB 900085 (1961 to Hoffmann-La Roche).
CAS Name: (2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-3,7,11-tridecatrienyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
Additional Names: 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyl-3,7,11-tridecatr...
Literature References: One of the naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, q.v. Isoln from wheat bran: Green et al., J. Sci. Food Agric. 6, 274 (1955); Green et al., Chem. Ind. (London) 1960, 73. Structure: Green et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 3362. Attempt at synthesis: McHale et al., ibid. 1963, 784. Review: M. Kofler et al., "Physicochemical Properties and Assay of the Tocopherols" in R. S. Harris, I. G. Wood, Vitam. Horm. 20, 407-439 (1962). Synthesis of all-trans-form: Schudel et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 46, 2517 (1963).
CAS Name: (2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl-2-[(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-3,7,11-tridecatrienyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
Additional Names: 2,5,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trienyl)ch...
Literature References: One of the naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, q.v. Isoln from wheat germ oil and from bran: Eggitt, Ward, J. Sci. Food Agric. 4, 569 (1953); Eggitt, Norris, ibid. 6, 689 (1955); 7, 496 (1956). Structure: Green et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 3362; Chem. Ind. (London) 1960, 73; McHale et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1963, 784. Synthesis: Schudel et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 46, 2517 (1963).
CAS Name: (2R)-3,4-Dihydro-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol
Additional Names: (+)-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol; (R,R,R)-g-to...
Literature References: One of the naturally occurring forms of vitamin E, q.v. Most abundant tocopherol in soybean and corn oils. Isoln by fractional crystn: Emerson et al., Science 83, 421 (1936); J. Biol. Chem. 113, 319 (1936); J. G. Baxter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 918 (1943). Prepn of crystalline natural form: C. D. Robeson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 1660 (1943). Comparison of bioactivity with a-tocopherol, q.v.: J. G. Bieri, R. P. Evarts, J. Nutr. 104, 850 (1974). Protective effects vs reactive nitrogen oxide species: R. V. Cooney et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1771 (1993); S. Christen et al., ibid. 94, 3217 (1997). HPLC determn in serum: A. Sobczak et al., J. Chromatogr. B 730, 265 (1999). Review of bioavailability, metabolism, and activity: Q. Jiang et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 714-722 (2001).
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